Did you know that our region, the Empordà, got its name from what the ancient Greeks called their trading settlement at “Emporion”? Nowadays that place is known as Sant Martí d’Empúries, just north of L’Escala.
The region has been populated since prehistoric times, and while we don’t know what names it may have gone by way back then, we do know why the Greeks later called it “Emporion”, which still lingers in place names today.
The (very) early days
Palæolithic humans had inhabited caves in the Empordà since prehistoric times but, although they left us with some important megalithic structures, there is no recorded history of their time. By the 7th century BCE however, the indigenous Iberian people who lived on the coast in this part of the Iberian peninsula were already doing business with Phoenician traders and, a little later, also with Greeks, who came to learn about the region from those same Phoenicians.
This was at a time when Classical Greece had not yet come into existence but was still rather a collection of city-states like Athens, Sparta, Corinth and Thebes, to name just a few of the more dominant ones. Monuments we know today such as the famous Parthenon on the Acropolis, for example, were still a couple of centuries away from being built.
Those Greeks who began to trade with the Iberians were actually from a place called Phocaea, not far from Izmir in what is modern-day Turkey, but which was very much part of the ancient Greek world of the time. They traded back and forth across the Mediterranean and eventually founded the city of Marseille in or around 600 BCE – one of Europe’s oldest continuously inhabited settlements today.
The Iberian Peninsula proved to be a valuable source of raw materials for their home city and products from the East also sold well amongst the Iberian tribes here. Eventually, because commerce was so good – and also because of the rapidly rising population back home – some of those Phocaeans decided in the 6th Century BCE to settle on the Iberian Peninsula and the site they chose, which they called Palaia Polis, was at what is present-day Sant Martí d’Empúries, where a small Iberian settlement already existed.
This was with the blessing of the local Iberian tribe, the Indiketes, who had settled in the region at the end of the Bronze Age in the 9th Century BCE. In fact, it was trade, first with the Phoenicians and then especially the Greeks later on, that marked the beginning of the emergence of Iberian culture.
The Indiketes had their own capital a short distance away to the south, very close to where the medieval Catalan village of Ullastret stands today, (the ruins of which make for another fascinating visit). It is believed they called this city Indika or something similar, and trade between it and the new Greek settlement was very profitable for all concerned.
A place of trade
Before long, the Greeks outgrew the initial settlement at Sant Martí, which back then was actually a tiny island, and began to build a bigger one just a few hundred metres away. They called this new colony Emporion, which meant “marketplace” or “place of trade” in their language, and this name evolved over time to give us “Empordà” today. In Latin, the word became emporium, a word still in use today in many languages.
Emporion became the first place on the Iberian peninsula to mint its own coins, and some of those coins have been discovered in excavations of the ruins of the nearby Iberian city of Indika, further evidence of the trade that used to take place between the two populations.
The bigger picture
The Greeks coexisted peacefully with the Iberian Indiketes for around four centuries, during which time, on the other side of the Mediterranean, Greece went through its Classical and then Hellenistic periods.
These eras covered the wars against Persian invasion; think the famous Battle of Thermopylae and the vastly outnumbered Spartan warriors who led the Greek resistance, as depicted (very fictitiously!) in the movie “300” – and also the time of Alexander the Great whose conquests reached as far as what is nowadays northwest India and included lands in today’s countries of Pakistan, Afghanistan, Iran, Iraq, Egypt, Jordan, Syria, Turkey and Bulgaria. Just imagine the exotic goods that were being traded in Empuries during that era!
During all that time the Greeks and the Iberians happily co-existed almost on their own in Empúries, but the effects of events in the wider world would gradually reach Iberia and eventually bring about an end to Iberian culture. One development was especially important: Rome was growing to be an empire. After Alexander’s death, his empire broke up into various kingdoms, the most westerly of which was Macedonia. As the Romans expanded their territories they gradually absorbed Macedonia into their growing empire, making it a province, and also incorporating most Greek lands into their own, including, eventually, Emporion.
The beginning of the end for the Iberians
As the Roman Empire continued to grow in size, it also came into conflict with another superpower: the Phoenician-descended Carthaginians who dominated the southern Mediterranean from their home base in present-day Tunisia. There were three Punic Wars in total that took place over a span of around 120 years, but it was the Second Punic War that began in 218 BCE that changed the world of the Iberians forever.
As the Carthaginians advanced ever northwards into the Iberian Peninsula under their famous leader, Hannibal, the Greeks at Empuries allowed the Romans to use their ports to land their armies to try and block the Carthaginians’ progress on land. Following the First Punic War, the Carthaginians continued to advance through the Iberian Peninsula until eventually the Ebro Treaty was agreed upon with Rome making the River Ebro the northern boundary of Carthaginian-conquered lands.
A short time later however, possibly in an attempt to provoke Hannibal, the Romans became allied with the port town of Saguntum, well south of the Ebro (just north of Valencia today). Hannibal was also looking for an excuse to start another war with Rome and so obliged by besieging and capturing Saguntum, thus starting the Second Punic War. This was the war when Hannibal famously crossed the Pyrenees and the Alps with his large army that included a number of war elephants and invaded the Italian Peninsula.
Closer to home, the Iberian tribes, caught between the two warring superpowers, had to choose one or the other but, in reality, it made little difference who they sided with as the Second Punic War marked the beginning of the Romanisation of the Iberian Peninsula – and it all began right here in Empúries, their first ever foothold in Iberia.
The Battle of Empúries
Following their victory over Carthage, the Romans gradually began to subsume all the indigenous Iberian and Celtic languages and cultures into their own Roman way of life. If the Iberians that allied themselves with Rome had hoped that the Romans would leave the peninsula once Carthage was defeated, they were mistaken. And the ones that opted to fight with Carthage, well, they also chose wrong because they lost! Either way, the Romans were here to stay.
A few years after the end of the Second Punic War, in 197 BCE to be precise, there was an attempted uprising by a coalition of Iberian tribes against the Romans. They besieged the Greek town of Empúries, prompting Rome to send Marcus Porcius Cato with somewhere between 20,000 and 30,000 men to put down the revolt. He arrived in 195 BCE and as soon as he succeeded in locating where the Iberians were camped, marched his forces overnight and launched a surprise attack at dawn.
The defeat of the Iberians in what became known as the Battle of Empúries was so complete and the manner in which he treated them was so brutal and ruthless that it put paid to any further Iberian resistance. The precise location of the battle is still being investigated but it is believed to have occurred either close to where L’Escala is today, or else further inland, possibly near Ventalló.
In reality, it was a rout rather than a battle and it marked the beginning of the end for Iberian culture and language. Almost all the languages of the Iberian Peninsula today, including Castellano, Catalan, Portuguese, Gallego and all their dialects, are Latin languages. Euskera, or Basque, is the only exception.
Greco-Roman harmony
As mentioned above, the Empurian Greeks supported Rome in the Punic wars, and as a result, they were allowed a large amount of autonomy under Roman rule afterwards, and it was as a result of Rome’s victory that Empúries continued to prosper. It became the main port for goods travelling between the Iberian and Italian peninsulas. What was originally a Roman military camp that was established in the year 195 BCE on the hill overlooking the Greek colony at Empúries, became a city that eventually merged with the pre-existing Greek town.
One of the things that makes Empúries unique is that it is the only site on the entire Iberian Peninsula where there are both Greek and Roman ruins in the same place. Although much of the Roman city has yet to be excavated – in fact, it is estimated that only around 20% has been unearthed so far – we have a fairly good understanding of what daily life might have been like here and of the functions of the various structures, all of which is very well explained in the audio tour available. More on that shortly.
The decline of Empúries
The Roman city began its decline around the turn from BCE to AD – the beginning of the “first” Millenium, mainly due to the rise in importance of the port cities of Tarraco (Tarragona) and Narbo (Narbonne) which were linked by the Via Domitia, both to each other and onwards through Gaul (France) via Masala (Marseille) to the Italian Peninsula, also linking with the cities of Gerunda (Girona) and Barcino (Barcelona).
Later, as the Roman Empire declined, the population moved further inland where their settlements could be more easily defended from attacks by Mediterranean pirates who were now freer to operate without fear of Roman reprisals, and by the end of the 3rd Century Empúries had been abandoned altogether with only the site where the Greeks first settled at Palaia Polis (Sant Martí d’Empúries) remaining inhabited.
During the Arab conquest of most of the Iberian peninsula after the decline of the Roman Empire, the Empordà region was only briefly occupied (for about 60 years) before it was in turn taken by the Christian Franks in the 8th Century and St Martí became the capital of the county of Empúries. Later again, in the 11th Century, when the capital was moved to Castelló d’Empúries, St Martí dwindled to become nothing more than a fishing village.
Rediscovery and the museum
Over the years, the elements and a certain amount of pillaging took their toll on the ancient city and it was lost to history until it was rediscovered in the early 20th century. Excavations began in 1908 and have continued almost without interruption to the present day.
The ruins of the ancient Greco-Roman city can now be visited as one of several managed by the Museu d’Arqueologia de Catalunya. It is open every day from 10:00 (except on Mondays between mid-November and mid-February). The entry fee is €6 per adult, €4 for OAPs and students, and free for U16s – plus it is free for everyone on the first Sunday of the month from October to June. You can buy tickets online in advance.
There is an audio tour available in Catalan, Spanish, French and English that works by scanning a barcode with your smartphone. Bring your own headphones if you can. There is also an introductory video at the very beginning of your visit before you start the audio tour, which is available in the same languages and is shown in a small theatre that seats about 40 people. Tickets can be bought in advance online.
In 2022, a new virtual tour began to be made available which allows one to really immerse themselves in ancient Empúries and get a feel of what life might have been like all those centuries ago. At the time of writing (May 2023) the virtual is only available in Catalan and Spanish, but other languages will become available in time.
L’Escala
By the 16th century, the old port at Empúries had become silted up and was no longer functional and so a bunch of fishermen from Sant Martí moved their operations to a new location at what is now the town of L’Escala. The name comes from the word Scala which meant “a natural port for boat shelter”. Originally it still depended administratively on Sant Martí d’Empúries, but in the 17th century a church was built in L’Escala and from then on it experienced rapid growth and drew in regional migration attracted by work in, amongst other things, fishing, salting, boat-building, and the export of wine. In 1766 it became a municipal capital and surpassed Sant Martí in importance.
L’Escala anchovies and salt
In the 19th century and the early part of the 20th, L’Escala was a very prosperous town and became known as a centre for art and political and cultural activities. “In L’Escala there is much fishing and trade in anchovies, the men earn good money and there are no poor people. There is a salting house, and it is the women who take care of the anchovies”, wrote one writer.
The salting house in question was the Alfolí de la Sal, (nowadays a museum) and also served as a salt exchange with the ground floor being used as an anchovy salting factory. It traded in other goods that arrived from the sea and served as a customs and headquarters of the fishermen’s association. Salt was distributed from this building to the other towns in the Empordà.
However, the Spanish Civil War (during which L’Escala was bombed by the Italian air force) and the subsequent Franco dictatorship put an end to all that. For the next few decades, the town lived pretty much only on agriculture and fishing and it wasn’t until the 1960s that the economy recovered somewhat thanks to the advent of tourism (bringing with it a lot of construction) and the anchovy and salting industries becoming the main businesses in the town again. They even have a Salt Festival every September in L’Escala, followed by an Anchovy Festival in early October.
Festivals
The Festa de la Sal takes place on the third Saturday of September. It honours the memory of the fishing and salting traditions of L’Escala by recreating scenes of everyday life from over a century ago and includes demonstrations of craftsmanship and traditional dances. On the first Saturday of October, the Anchovy Festival begins with a short ceremony and some Habaneres singing down at the beach.
Over the following few days, you can follow the “Anchovy Tapa Trail” in which dozens of local bars and restaurants offer specially created tapas with an anchovy as the star ingredient. If you want, you can get a “tapa-route passport” stamped at each place you go to, and if you complete the whole “route trail”, you can enter a raffle to win a prize.
Along the tapas trail, you may be offered anchovies and/or boquerones (seitons in Catalan), which, in case you didn’t know, are actually the same fish, the anchovy; the difference is in the preparation. When anchovies are prepared in vinegar, they are called boquerones in Spanish and seitons in Catalan. There isn’t really an English word for them. (“Anchovies prepared in vinegar”?) When they are salted, they are called, well, anchovies! In Spanish, that’s anchoas; in Catalan, it’s anxoves.
If you’re there earlier in the summer, July and August specifically, there’s another festival happening – the Portalblau Festival of music and arts. Most of the concerts are on weekend nights between mid-July and mid-August, with some being paid gigs and others free of charge (although you may need to register). Some of the performances even take place among the Greco-Roman ruins themselves, which is pretty cool!
And finally, there’s the Festival Internacional de Música Clàssics L’Escala-Empúries which takes place on weekends between late March and October, so catching a performance shouldn’t be a problem! As the name suggests, it’s a festival of classical music organized by the Pau Casels Association, with concerts taking place in the old town of L’Escala and at Empúries.
L’Escala is a lovely town that is well worth a visit and, as well as the ruins and all the history at Empúries and Sant Martí, there are also some fabulous beaches with some excellent xiringuitos, plus some lovely bars and restaurants in the town itself that make for an ideal day or weekend trip.